Crfi or canadian runway friction index means the average of the friction measurements taken on runway surfaces on which freezing or frozen contaminants are present. Association, and the international runway friction index, as proposed by the joint winter runway friction measurement program, are briefly presented and discussed. Faa takeoff and landing performance assessment, as well as easas runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking, theyll be looking at harmonizing terms and definitions used to describe runway. Runway friction coefficient should be measured at least daily and reported via notam if needed. One outcome was the update of the canadian runway friction index crfi. Student study notes canadian ppl aviation ground school. Means the average of friction measurements taken on runway surfaces with freezing or frozen contaminants present, using a mechanical or electronic decelerometer. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab. E2100, titled the international runway friction index irfi, and a committee task group will specify an acceptable reference calibration tester to. Werner kleinebeek research project manager safety analysis and research department executive directorate european aviation safety agency easa.
An overview of the annual nasa tirerunway friction. All registered and certified civil aerodromes and military aerodromes with instrument procedures are listed in the canada air pilot, volumes 17, or the restricted canada air pilot. Runway surface condition assessment, measurement and reporting. The final edited version may still undergo alterations in the process of editing.
The canadian runway friction index crfi and the international runway friction index irfi are two major outcomes from these efforts to harmonize ground vehicle friction measurements and to identify the relationship to aircraft stopping performance. Flight operations, flight information services in canada. Porous friction course substitutes for runway grooving. The surface friction tester, the british pendulum test and the greasepatched method were regularly conducted on site for runway pavements over a 24month period of time.
This results in reduced wet friction coefficient between the runway pavement and the aircraft tires. Icaos task force seeking runway friction harmonisation. The phenomenon of runway touchdown zone rubber buildup is a potentially hazardo problem. Ac 300019 global reporting format grf for runway surface. Fr runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab xv volume 3 functional friction. Available runway friction has a significant impact on aircraft landing performance. Rubber buildup covers the runway surface and occludes the surface texture. Runway surface condition assessment, measurement and. The hours of operation for security can be obtained by contacting the operator of the aerodrome. Astm international is one of the largest voluntary standards development organisations in the world, a trusted source for technical standards for materials, products, systems and services. Terry townshend, townshend technical services, bolton, on. This runway designation marking is located approximately 12 m 39 feet from the runway threshold, centred on the runway centreline. Flight service station fss a navcanada operated facility from which aeronautical information and related aviation support services are provided to aircraft including airport and. The results of these studies, as well as previous studies such as the canadian runway friction index and the international runway friction index, may point to the need for new and emerging technologies pertaining to the management of runway surface friction and other surface contaminants related to aircraft performance.
As aircraft have become heavier and landing speeds have increased, breaking has become a significant safety consideration. Runway water, ice, or snow was a factor in more than 50 airplane accidents between 1998 and 2006. Transport canada aeronautical information manual, 1. Correlation of ground friction measurements to aircraft. Organizational changes, updated drawings, prioritization of international gates, additional resources, addition of engine inlet icing procedure, and cdf.
Canada flight supplement or canada water aerodrome supplement, section b, aerodromefacility directory. Runway friction characteristics measurement march 2010. Aircraft and ground vehicle winter runway friction assessment by thomas j. Determination of the international friction index ifi using the circular texture meter ctm and the dynamic friction tester dft john jewett henry1 hironari abe2 shuichi kameyama3 akinori tamai 4 atsushi kasahara 5 kazuo saito6 1 professor emeritus, pennsylvania state univ ersity, huntingdon, pennsylvania, u. The program involves extensive runway friction and roughness measurements at some 100 airports annually. This document is an unedited advance versioof an icao publication as approved, in n principle, by the secretary general, which is made available for convenience. How best to determine runwayhighway pavement surface friction. The runway threshold is marked with the number 26, which corresponds to the whole number closest to the tenth of the magnetic bearing of the runway centreline. Questions canadian runway friction index my company has the following table code \ braking action \ crfi 5 good. Runway friction testing has become increasingly prominent to ensure aircraft land safely, especially in wet weather conditions.
To ensure the harmonization of these different frictionmeasuring devices, the astm e17 committee has developed a standard. The canadian runway friction index crfi is used in canada. Building on past and current initiatives, such as the international runway friction index, the canadian runway friction index, the u. Canadian runway friction index crfi the crfi index is a measure of predicted braking action and control during landings, based on the presence of natural. International runway friction index irfi versus aircraft. The international civil aviation organization icao documents on which the. Ill update this document any time i find the need to make any changes, and as i continue to progress through additional training. Typical mu values for an aircraft travelling at 65kmhr would be around 0. The timely and accurate measurement of runway friction.
We are honored that the runar device will participate in the joint winter runway friction measurement program under the leadership of transport canada, national aeronautics and space administration. Yager senior research engineer nasa langley research center presented at the international forum on aeroelasticity and structural dynamics june 2225, 1999 williamsburg, va abstract some background information is given together with the scope and objectives of a 5year. Friction is measured for each third of the runway, in a direction parallel to the runway centerline. Runway friction measurement status international airport. Canada to introduce and validate the highest quality and most cost effective measuring schemes and equipment for winter runway friction reporting. Canada air pilot, volumes 17, or the restricted canada air pilot. For contact information, refer to the canada flight supplement or the canada water aerodrome supplement, section b, aerodromefacility directory, under the subheading opr. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab iii volume 4 operational friction kts knot s lahso land and hold short aircraft operations ld landing distance lltt landing loads test track lpc less paper in the cockpit lsoc loose snow on compact snow lsocp loose snow on compact snow patches. The average decelerometer reading of each runway is reported as the canadian runway friction index crfi. The following changes relating to runway conditions are considered as significant. Runway friction performance in nz toan, dv table 5.
Finnair has also made use of results from jwrfmp for their operations. Icao friction task force itf is working on assessment and reporting of runway surface conditions and it is expected that a global format for reporting runway surface conditions will be. During the year 2000, the astm e 2100 standard the international runway friction index, irfi, was drafted and approved. Pdf variation of friction coefficient of airport runway. Aircraft and ground vehicle winter runway friction assessment. Recent projects also include airfield friction surveys at commercial and military airports in the u. The runway data also shows seasonal variation and significantly increased friction values in the touch down zones at the time of rubber removal, as one would expect. According to the international civil aviation organization icao, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.
The list of acronyms and abbreviations related to crfi canadian runway friction index. Runways may be a manmade surface often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both or a natural surface grass, dirt, gravel, ice, sand or salt. A minimum of four 4 test surfaces with friction levels varying from 0. The following definitions are used in this document. Nasa langley research center has partnered with the federal aviation administration faa, transport canada tc, and several european and asian aviation authorities and organisations in the joint winter runway friction measurement program jwrfmp. Werner kleinebeek research project manager safety analysis and research department. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab final report volume 2 documentation and taxonomy submitted in response to contract. This is being accomplished by the establishment of standards covering minimum coefficient of friction for runways, procedures and instruments of measurement and by periodical assessment of runway surface conditions. One thing in common for both canada and finland they have standardised on one single type of friction measurement device. Runways, as well as taxiways and ramps, are sometimes referred to as. These standards take into account the runway length, runway elevation, wind and the type and weight of scheduled aircraft. This is especially noted when aircraft are landing on wet or otherwise contaminated runways due to the reduced braking action, which has been well documented since the dawn of the jet aircraft age. Irfi international runway friction index ittv instrumented tire test vehicle.
To address the gradual drop in friction or skid resistance it is necessary to remove the rubber build up. Two international aviation conferences have been held in. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab draft final report volume 4 operational friction measurements and runway condition reporting submitted in response to contract. The data was used to compare the international runway friction index determined from the gfmds data to the aircraft braking coefficient mu data collected from six different aircraft. Faa takeoff and landing performance assessment, as well as easas runway friction characteristics. The report suggests normalized friction measurements for the comparison of friction measurement devices and segmented runway condition maps to monitor friction at airports. For the past year, there has been a lot of discussion in the us and canada on establishing regional calibration centers for the airportrunway friction measuring devices as well as definition of a practical and acceptable calibration procedure. Tradewind scientific has carried out the transport canada national runway test program since 1981. Air transportation safety investigation report a19q0010. International runway friction index, the canadian runway friction index, the u. Known for their high technical quality and market relevancy, astm international standards have an important role in the information infrastructure that guides design, manufacturing and trade in the global.
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